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\title{Notes on Organizational Change} |
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\author{Bil Kleb and Bill Wood} |
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\date{3 February 2004} |
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\documentclass[twoside]{tufte-handout} |
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\documentclass{tufte-handout} |
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\usepackage{amsmath} |
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\usepackage{amsmath} % \text in math mode |
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\usepackage{MinionPro} |
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\usepackage{graphicx} % images |
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\setkeys{Gin}{width=\linewidth,totalheight=\textheight,keepaspectratio} % defaults |
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\graphicspath{{graphics/}} % search path |
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% Set up the images/graphics package |
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\usepackage{graphicx} |
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\setkeys{Gin}{width=\linewidth,totalheight=\textheight,keepaspectratio} |
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\graphicspath{{graphics/}} |
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\pagestyle{empty} % no page numbers when printing on one sheet, folded in half. |
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\usepackage{mcaption} % FIXME move to .cls file |
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\AtBeginDocument{ % setup bibliography |
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\nobibliography{sample-handout} % bibtex database |
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\bibliographystyle{plainnat} % style |
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% Note: you could put these commands at the end of document and |
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% change to \bibliography if you want a "References" section |
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} |
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%\title{An Example of the Usage of the Tufte-Handout Style\thanks{Inspired by Edward~R. Tufte!}} |
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\title{An Example of the Usage of the Tufte-Handout Style} |
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\author{The Tufte-\LaTeX\ Developers} |
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%\date{22 February 2008} % if the \date{} command is left out, the current date will be used |
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\usepackage{helvet} |
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% The following package makes prettier tables. We're all about the bling! |
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\usepackage{booktabs} |
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% The units package provides nice, non-stacked fractions and better spacing |
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% for units. |
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\usepackage{units} |
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% The fancyvrb package lets us customize the formatting of verbatim |
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% environments. We use a slightly smaller font. |
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\usepackage{fancyvrb} |
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\fvset{fontsize=\normalsize} |
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\usepackage{multicol} |
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\usepackage[savepos]{zref} |
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\usepackage{lipsum} |
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\usepackage{url} |
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\urldef{\asyurl}\url{http://asymptote.sf.net/} |
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\begin{document} |
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\maketitle |
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\newthought{The Beckhard-Harris-Gleicher} change model\cite{Beckhard1987} |
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states successful change will happen if and only if the product of the |
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level of dissatisfaction with status quo, the appeal of the future |
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vision, and the clarity of the steps necessary to achieve the vision is |
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greater than the cost of change, measured in terms of emotion, direct |
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expenses, and lost opportunity. |
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\begin{displaymath} |
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\text{change} |
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\,\,\iff\,\, |
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\text{dissatisfaction}\times\text{appeal}\times\text{plan} |
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\,>\, |
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\text{cost} |
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\end{displaymath} |
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If any factor is low, the chance for successful change is slim, no matter |
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how compelling the other factors might appear. |
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Similarly, if the cost is high, change is not worth pursuing. |
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\newthought{Satir's model} of well-managed |
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change\cite{Satir1991}\cite{Weinberg1997}\cite{Beckhard1987} |
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emphasizes all change entails phases of loss and chaos that, if |
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unanticipated, will cause a retreat to the original status quo. |
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A change agent initiates the descent into chaos and then a transforming |
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idea marks the beginning of the ascent to the new status quo. |
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\marginnote{Five stage Satir change model diagram \textcopyright\ |
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stevenmsmith.com.} |
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\includegraphics{satir_graph} |
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\newpage |
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\newthought{The Bateson Double Bind}\cite{Bateson1956}\cite{Bateson1962} |
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is a recipe for schizophrenia that should be avoided in organizational |
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structures: |
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\begin{compactenum} |
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\item Locate a victim who is somehow dependent on you. |
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\item Issue a primary injunction with a threat of punishment for |
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non-compliance. |
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\item Issue a secondary injunction that contradicts the first, again |
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coupled with the threat of punishment for non-compliance. |
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\item Make the contradiction undiscussible and provide a threat of |
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punishment if it is discussed. |
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\item Make% |
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\marginnote{Example: a researcher is dependent upon a mandated support |
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service and the support staff imposes a level of service that is |
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insufficient.} |
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the undiscussibility undiscussible, but make appearances |
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that everything is discussible. |
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\item Make the victim believe they cannot exit the situation. |
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\end{compactenum} |
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\newthought{Block} observes that vision statements are worth something |
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only to those who make them.\cite{Block1993} |
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A vision cannot be handed down from upon high. |
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Instead, each person or team needs to craft their own vision statement |
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to have vested ownership and accountability. |
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One clear requirement, however, is that at each level the vision must be |
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tied to the one above. |
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What% |
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\marginnote{``Simple, clear purpose and principles give rise to complex, |
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intelligent behavior,'' says Dee Hock, former CEO of Visa |
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International. |
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``Complex rules and regulations give rise to simple, stupid behavior.''} |
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the core workers do need from those above is a clearly defined, |
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tangible mission statement that can be used by those at the lowest levels |
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to make everyday decisions. |
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NASA's current vision, mission, and goals slides have recently been |
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cited\cite{Tufte2003} |
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as embarrassing examples of what not to do: |
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\vfill |
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\begin{center} |
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\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{nasa_vision_sm} |
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\end{center} |
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\vfill |
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\newpage |
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\newthought{Stop} using PowerPoint bullet list slides for strategic |
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planning, technical communication, or anything but a marketing pitch. |
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Lou Gerstner simply shut off the overhead projector when he |
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began to bring IBM back from the brink of bankruptcy in 1992. |
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He introduced the novel idea of using complete sentences to describe |
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how goals would be met.\cite{Gerstner2002} |
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Furthermore, 3M has documented\cite{Shaw1998} |
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that bullet lists make us intellectually |
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lazy in three specific ways: (1)~they are too generic---they offer a |
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series of things to do that could apply to any business, (2)~they leave |
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critical relationships unspecified, and (3)~they leave critical |
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assumptions about how the business works unstated. |
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Our project planning needs to (a)~embrace change, not try |
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to suppress it and (b)~use PERT charts with uncertainties |
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instead of CPM diagrams.\cite{Martin2003} |
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Budgets are forecast tools, not specifications. |
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Costs should only be tracked to the same level of precision as benefits |
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are tracked, because the cost-to-benefit ratio has an approximate |
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uncertainty equal to the maximum of the cost and benefit |
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uncertainties.\cite{DeMarco2003} |
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\maketitle % this prints the handout title, author, and date |
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\begin{abstract} |
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\noindent This document describes the Tufte handout \LaTeX\ document style. |
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It also provides examples and comments on the style's use. |
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\end{abstract} |
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The \Verb|tufte-handout| document class defines a style similar to the |
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style Edward Tufte uses in his books and handouts. Tufte's style is known |
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for its extensive use of sidenotes, tight integration of graphics with |
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text, and well-set typography. This document aims to be at once a |
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demonstration of the features of the \Verb|tufte-handout| document class |
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and a style guide to its use. |
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\section{Page Layout}\label{sec:page-layout} |
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\subsection{Headings}\label{sec:headings} |
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This style provides \textsc{a}- and \textsc{b}-heads (that is, |
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\Verb|\section| and \Verb|\subsection|) demonstrated above. |
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If you need more than two levels of section headings, you'll have to define |
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them yourself at the moment;\sidenote{See see ``Defining new sections'' on |
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page~\pageref{sec:defining-sections} for help with defining more heading |
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levels.} there are no pre-defined styles for anything below a |
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\Verb|\subsection|. As Bringhurst points out in \textit{The Elements of |
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Typographic Style},\cite{Bringhurst2005} you should ``use as many levels of |
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headings as you need: no more, and no fewer.'' |
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The Tufte-handout class will emit an error if you try to use |
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\Verb|\subsubsection| and smaller headings. |
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%\medskip |
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%\begin{fullwidth} |
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%\begin{Verbatim} |
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%! Package tufte-handout Error: \subsubsection is undefined by this class. |
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%(tufte-handout) See Robert Bringhurst's _The Elements of |
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%(tufte-handout) Typographic Style_, section 4.2.2. |
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%(tufte-handout) \subsubsection was used. |
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%\end{Verbatim} |
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%\end{fullwidth} |
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%\medskip |
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% let's start a new thought -- a new section |
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\newthought{In his later books},\cite{Tufte2006} Tufte |
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starts each section with a bit of vertical space, a non-indented paragraph, |
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and sets the first few words of the sentence in \textsc{small caps}. To |
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accomplish this using this style, use the \Verb|\newthought| command: |
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\Verb|\newthought{In his later books}, Tufte starts|\ldots |
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\subsection{Sidenotes}\label{sec:sidenotes} |
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One of the most prominent and distinctive features of this style is the |
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extensive use of sidenotes. There is a wide margin to provide ample room |
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for sidenotes and small figures. Any \Verb|\footnote|s will automatically |
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be converted to sidenotes.\footnote{This is a sidenote that was entered |
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using the \texttt{\textbackslash footnote} command.} If you'd like to place ancillary |
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information in the margin without the sidenote mark (the superscript |
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number), you can use the \Verb|\marginnote| command.\marginnote{This is a |
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margin note. Notice that there isn't a number preceding the note, and |
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there is no number in the main text where this note was written.} |
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\subsection{References} |
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References are placed alongside their citations as sidenotes, |
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as well. This can be accomplished using the normal \Verb|\cite| |
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command.\footnote{The first paragraph of this document includes a citation.} |
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The complete list of references may also be printed automatically by using |
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the \Verb|\bibliography| command. (See the end of this document for an |
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example.) If you do not want to print a bibliography at the end of your |
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document, use the \Verb|\nobibliography| command in its place. |
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To enter multiple citations at one |
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location,\cite{Tufte2006}\cite{Tufte1990} you will need to use multiple |
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\Verb|\cite| commands: \Verb|\cite{Tufte2006}| \Verb|\cite{Tufte1990}|. Each |
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\Verb|\cite| command will generate its own sidenote and its own sidenote |
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number. |
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\section{Figures and Tables}\label{sec:figures-and-tables} |
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Images and graphics play an integral role in Tufte's work. |
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In addition to the standard \Verb|figure| and \Verb|tabular| environments, |
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this style provides special figure and table environments for full-width |
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floats. |
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Full page width figures and tables may be placed in \texttt{figure*} or |
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\texttt{table*} environments. To place figures or tables in the margin, |
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use the \Verb|marginfigure| or \Verb|margintable| environments as follows |
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(see figure~\ref{fig:marginfig}): |
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\begin{marginfigure} |
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\includegraphics[width=\marginparwidth]{helix} |
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\caption{This is a margin figure. The helix is defined by |
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$x = \cos(2\pi z)$, $y = \sin(2\pi z)$, and $z = [0, 2.7]$. The figure was |
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drawn using Asymptote (\asyurl).} |
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\label{fig:marginfig} |
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\end{marginfigure} |
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\begin{Verbatim} |
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\begin{marginfigure} |
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\includegraphics{blah} |
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\caption{This figure is in the margin.} |
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\end{marginfigure} |
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\end{Verbatim} |
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Figure~\ref{fig:fullfig} is an example of the \Verb|figure*| |
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environment and figure~\ref{fig:textfig} is an example of the normal |
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\Verb|figure| environment. |
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\begin{figure*} |
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\includegraphics{sine.pdf} |
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\caption{This graph shows $y = \sin x$ from about $x = [-10, 10]$. |
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\emph{Notice that this figure takes up the full page width.}} |
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\label{fig:fullfig} |
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\zsavepos{pos:fullfig} |
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\end{figure*} |
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\begin{figure} |
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\includegraphics{hilbertcurves.pdf} |
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\caption{Hilbert curves of various degrees $n$. |
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\emph{Notice that this figure only takes up the main textblock width.}} |
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\label{fig:textfig} |
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\zsavepos{pos:textfig} |
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\end{figure} |
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Table~\ref{tab:normaltab} shows table created with the \texttt{booktabs} |
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package. Notice the lack of vertical rules---they serve only to clutter |
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the table's data. |
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\begin{table}[ht] |
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\centering |
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\begin{tabular}{ll} |
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\toprule |
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Margin & Length \\ |
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\midrule |
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Paper width & \unit[8\nicefrac{1}{2}]{inches} \\ |
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Paper height & \unit[11]{inches} \\ |
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Textblock width & \unit[6\nicefrac{1}{2}]{inches} \\ |
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Textblock/sidenote gutter & \unit[\nicefrac{3}{8}]{inches} \\ |
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Sidenote width & \unit[2]{inches} \\ |
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\bottomrule |
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\end{tabular} |
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\caption{Here are the dimensions of the various margins used in the Tufte-handout class.} |
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\label{tab:normaltab} |
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\zsavepos{pos:normaltab} |
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\end{table} |
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\section{Full-width text blocks} |
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In addition to the new float types, there is a \texttt{fullwidth} |
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environment that stretches across the main text block and the sidenotes |
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area. |
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\begin{Verbatim} |
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\begin{fullwidth} |
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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet... |
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\end{fullwidth} |
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\end{Verbatim} |
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\begin{fullwidth} |
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\small\itshape\lipsum[1] |
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\end{fullwidth} |
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\section{Typography}\label{sec:typography} |
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\subsection{Typefaces}\label{sec:typefaces} |
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If the Palatino and Bera Mono typefaces are installed, this style will use |
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them automatically. Otherwise, we'll fall back on the Computer Modern |
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typefaces. |
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\subsection{Letterspacing}\label{sec:letterspacing} |
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This document class includes two new commands and some improvements on |
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existing commands for letterspacing. |
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When setting strings of \allcaps{ALL CAPS} or \smallcaps{small caps}, the |
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letterspacing---that is, the spacing between the letters---should be |
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increased slightly.\cite{Bringhurst2005} The \Verb|\allcaps| command has proper letterspacing for |
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strings of \allcaps{FULL CAPITAL LETTERS}, and the \Verb|\smallcaps| command |
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has letterspacing for \smallcaps{small capital letters}. These commands |
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will also automatically convert the case of the text to upper- or |
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lowercase, respectively. |
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The \Verb|\textsc| command has also been redefined to include |
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letterspacing. The case of the \Verb|\textsc| argument is left as is, |
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however. This allows one to use both uppercase and lowercase letters: |
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\textsc{The Initial Letters Of The Words In This Sentence Are Capitalized.} |
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\section{Customization}\label{sec:customization} |
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\subsection{Document class options}\label{sec:options} |
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The \Verb|tufte-handout| class is based on the \LaTeX\ \Verb|article| |
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document class. Therefore, you can pass any of the typical article |
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options. There are a few options that are specific to the |
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\Verb|tufte-handout| document class, however. |
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The \Verb|a4paper| option will set the paper size to \smallcaps{A4} instead of |
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the default \smallcaps{US} letter size. |
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The \Verb|sfsidenotes| option will set the sidenotes in a \textsf{sans |
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serif} typeface instead of the default roman. |
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The \Verb|twoside| option will modify the running heads so that the page |
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number is printed on the outside edge (as opposed to always printing the page |
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number on the right-side edge in \Verb|oneside| mode). |
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The \Verb|symmetric| option typesets the sidenotes on the outside edge of |
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the page. This is how books are traditionally printed, but is contrary to |
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Tufte's book design which sets the sidenotes on the right side of the page. |
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This option implicitly sets the \Verb|twoside| option. |
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\subsection{Text Justification}\label{sec:justification} |
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The body text of Tufte's books are set ragged right. This prevents |
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needless hyphenation and makes it easier to read the text in the slightly |
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narrower column. If you prefer your text fully justified, put these lines |
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in the preamble of your document (i.e., prior to your |
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\Verb|\begin{document}| line): |
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\begin{Verbatim} |
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\makeatletter |
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\def\@tufteh@raggedright{\relax} |
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\makeatother |
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\end{Verbatim} |
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\subsection{Defining new sections}\label{sec:defining-sections} |
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As mentioned on page~\pageref{sec:headings}, the \Verb|tufte-handout| |
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document class only defines \Verb|\section| and \Verb|\subsection| |
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headings. |
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If you wanted to define, say, a \Verb|\paragraph| heading, you could do it |
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as follows: |
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\begin{Verbatim} |
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\makeatletter |
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\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}% the name of the new section |
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{4}% the section level number |
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{0em}% indentation amount |
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{\baselineskip}% amount of space to leave before heading |
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{-1.5em}% amount of space to leave after heading |
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{\normalfont\itshape}% style |
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} |
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\makeatother |
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\end{Verbatim} |
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Place that code in the preamble of your document and you'll now be able to use |
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\Verb|\paragraph|. |
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For more details on defining section levels, see \textit{The \LaTeX\ |
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Companion},\cite{Mittelbach2004} or use the \Verb|titlesec| package. |
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\section{Installation}\label{sec:installation} |
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To install the \Verb|tufte-handout| class, simply drop the |
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\Verb|tufte-handout.cls| file into the same directory as your \Verb|.tex| |
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file. |
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% TODO add instructions for installing it globally |
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\section{Support}\label{sec:support} |
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\subsection{Package Dependencies}\label{sec:dependencies} |
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The following is a list of packages that the \Verb|tufte-handout| document |
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class relies upon. Packages marked with an asterisk are optional. |
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\begin{multicols}{2} |
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\begin{itemize} |
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\item geometry |
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\item chngpage |
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\item paralist |
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\item textcase |
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\item footmisc |
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\item natbib and bibentry |
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\item placeins |
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\item fancyhdr |
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\item microtype* |
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\item soul* |
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\item palatino* |
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\item beramono* |
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\end{itemize} |
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\end{multicols} |
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\subsection{Tufte-\LaTeX\ Website}\label{sec:website} |
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The website for the Tufte-\LaTeX\ packages is located at |
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\url{http://code.google.com/p/tufte-latex/}. On our website, you'll find |
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links to our \smallcaps{svn} repository, mailing lists, bug tracker, and documentation. |
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\bibliography{sample-handout} |
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\bibliographystyle{plainnat} |
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%\section{Float Positions---DEBUG} |
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%Full figure: $x=\zposx{pos:fullfig}$, $y=\zposy{pos:fullfig}$ |
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%Text figure: $x=\zposx{pos:textfig}$, $y=\zposy{pos:textfig}$ |
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%Normal table: $x=\zposx{pos:normaltab}$, $y=\zposy{pos:normaltab}$ |
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\end{document} |
Kevin M. Godby
hace 17 años